What is an Operating System (OS)?
An operating system (OS) is a software program that manages and controls the hardware and software resources of a computer or other device. It is the underlying foundation that allows other software programs, such as applications, to run and interact with the hardware.
An operating system acts as the intermediary between the hardware and the software, performing tasks such as allocating memory and processing power to programs, managing input and output operations, and managing file systems. It also provides a graphical user interface, which allows users to interact with the computer and launch applications.
Some examples of popular operating systems include Windows, Mac OS, Linux, and iOS. Each operating system has its own features and strengths, and users may choose an operating system based on their personal preferences, the specific needs of their job or business, or the hardware they are using.
In addition to managing the hardware and software resources of a computer, an operating system can also provide security features, such as firewalls, antivirus programs, and data encryption. It also allows for the installation and management of other software programs, including drivers, utilities, and applications.
Simplified Example
An operating system is like a traffic cop or a conductor in a train station. Just like a traffic cop helps cars move smoothly and safely on the roads, an operating system helps all the programs and apps on your computer work together smoothly and efficiently. The traffic cop makes sure that the cars don't crash into each other, and the operating system makes sure that all the programs don't interfere with each other or cause problems for the computer. The conductor in a train station helps trains arrive and depart on time, making sure that everything runs smoothly. Similarly, the operating system helps the programs and apps on your computer start and stop at the right times and manage all the different parts of the computer so they work together.
History of the Term "Operating System"
The term "operating system" (OS) came into use in the late 1950s to denote the software responsible for managing a computer's hardware and resources. The inaugural commercially available operating system was crafted by IBM specifically for its System/360 mainframe computer, debuting in 1964.
Examples
Windows: Windows is a proprietary operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation. It is widely used on personal computers and laptops, as well as servers and enterprise systems. Windows is known for its user-friendly interface, compatibility with a wide range of hardware and software, and support for legacy applications. The operating system provides a graphical user interface (GUI) that makes it easy for users to interact with their computer and perform tasks such as running applications, accessing files, and connecting to the Internet. Windows is available in several different versions, including Windows 10, Windows 8, and Windows 7.
macOS: macOS is a proprietary operating system developed by Apple Inc. It is widely used on Apple's line of personal computers, laptops, and servers. macOS is known for its sleek, modern design, tight integration with Apple's hardware and software products, and support for a wide range of creative applications. The operating system provides a graphical user interface (GUI) that makes it easy for users to interact with their computer and perform tasks such as running applications, accessing files, and connecting to the Internet. macOS is available in several different versions, including macOS Monterey, macOS Big Sur, and macOS Catalina.
Linux: Linux is a free and open-source operating system that is widely used for servers, desktops, smartphones, and embedded systems. It was first released in 1991 by Linus Torvalds, and since then has been developed and maintained by a global community of thousands of volunteer developers. Linux is known for its stability, security, and versatility, and is used by organizations and individuals worldwide. Because Linux is open source, anyone can use, modify, and distribute its source code, making it possible for users to customize and extend the operating system to meet their specific needs. Linux is available in several different distributions, including Ubuntu, Debian, and Fedora.